ID PAG_BACAN STANDARD; PRT; 764 AA. AC P13423; Q9F5R7; Q9KH69; Q9RQU2; DT 01-JAN-1990 (Rel. 13, Created) DT 16-OCT-2001 (Rel. 40, Last sequence update) DT 15-MAR-2004 (Rel. 43, Last annotation update) DE Protective antigen precursor (PA) (PA-83) (PA83) (Anthrax toxins DE translocating protein) [Contains: PA-20 (PA20); PA-63 (PA63)]. GN PAGA OR PAG OR PXO1-110. OS Bacillus anthracis. OG Plasmid pXO1. OC Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; Bacillus. OX NCBI_TaxID=1392; RN [1] RP SEQUENCE FROM N.A. RX MEDLINE=89172073; PubMed=3148491; RA Welkos S.L., Lowe J.R., Eden-Mccutchan F., Vodkin M., Leppla S.H., RA Schmidt J.J.; RT "Sequence and analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of RT Bacillus anthracis."; RL Gene 69:287-300(1988). RN [2] RP SEQUENCE FROM N.A. RC STRAIN=28, 33, BA1024, and BA1035; RX MEDLINE=99214082; PubMed=10197996; RA Price L.B., Hugh-Jones M., Jackson P.J., Keim P.; RT "Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus RT anthracis."; RL J. Bacteriol. 181:2358-2362(1999). RN [3] RP SEQUENCE FROM N.A. RC STRAIN=V770-NP1-R / ATCC 14185; RX MEDLINE=20359347; PubMed=10899854; RA Cohen S., Mendelson I., Altboum Z., Kobiler D., Elhanany E., Bino T., RA Leitner M., Inbar I., Rosenberg H., Gozes Y., Barak R., Fisher M., RA Kronman C., Velan B., Shafferman A.; RT "Attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant Bacillus RT anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax."; RL Infect. Immun. 68:4549-4558(2000). RN [4] RP SEQUENCE FROM N.A. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=99445483; PubMed=10515943; RA Okinaka R.T., Cloud K., Hampton O., Hoffmaster A.R., Hill K.K., RA Keim P., Koehler T.M., Lamke G., Kumano S., Mahillon J., Manter D., RA Martinez Y., Ricke D., Svensson R., Jackson P.J.; RT "Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis RT plasmid harboring the Anthrax toxin genes."; RL J. Bacteriol. 181:6509-6515(1999). RN [5] RP DOMAINS. RX MEDLINE=91332080; PubMed=1651334; RA Singh Y., Klimpel K.R., Quinn C.P., Chaudhary V.K., Leppla S.H.; RT "The carboxyl-terminal end of protective antigen is required for RT receptor binding and anthrax toxin activity."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 266:15493-15497(1991). RN [6] RP CHARACTERIZATION. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=94327640; PubMed=8051159; RA Milne J.C., Furlong D., Hanna P.C., Wall J.S., Collier R.J.; RT "Anthrax protective antigen forms oligomers during intoxication of RT mammalian cells."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 269:20607-20612(1994). RN [7] RP CHARACTERIZATION. RX MEDLINE=21129592; PubMed=11207581; RA Beauregard K.E., Collier R.J., Swanson J.A.; RT "Proteolytic activation of receptor-bound anthrax protective antigen RT on macrophages promotes its internalization."; RL Cell. Microbiol. 2:251-258(2000). RN [8] RP TOXIN REGULATION. RC STRAIN=Weybridge; RX MEDLINE=94131936; PubMed=8300513; RA Koehler T.M., Dai Z., Kaufman-Yarbray M.; RT "Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and RT a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two RT promoters."; RL J. Bacteriol. 176:586-595(1994). RN [9] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PHE-342; PHE-343 AND ASP-344. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=95050722; PubMed=7961869; RA Singh Y., Klimpel K.R., Arora N., Sharma M., Leppla S.H.; RT "The chymotrypsin-sensitive site, FFD315, in anthrax toxin protective RT antigen is required for translocation of lethal factor."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 269:29039-29046(1994). RN [10] RP MUTAGENESIS OF DOMAIN 4 LOOPS. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=99185012; PubMed=10085028; RA Varughese M., Teixeira A.V., Liu S., Leppla S.H.; RT "Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the RT protective antigen component of anthrax toxin."; RL Infect. Immun. 67:1860-1865(1999). RN [11] RP MUTAGENESIS OF TRP-375; MET-379 AND LEU-381. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21092804; PubMed=11178978; RA Batra S., Gupta P., Chauhan V., Singh A., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Trp 346 and Leu 352 residues in protective antigen are required for RT the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 281:186-192(2001). RN [12] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PHE-581; PHE-583; ILE-591; LEU-595 AND ILE-603. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21438996; PubMed=11554763; RA Ahuja N., Kumar P., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Hydrophobic residues Phe552, Phe554, Ile562, Leu566, and Ile574 are RT required for oligomerization of anthrax protective antigen."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287:542-549(2001). RN [13] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PRO-289. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21255689; PubMed=11356563; RA Khanna H., Chopra A.P., Arora N., Chaudhry A., Singh Y.; RT "Role of residues constituting the 2beta1 strand of domain II in the RT biological activity of anthrax protective antigen."; RL FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 199:27-31(2001). RN [14] RP MUTAGENESIS OF GLN-512; ASP-541; LEU-543 AND ARG-621. RX MEDLINE=21125576; PubMed=11222612; RA Mogridge J., Mourez M., Collier R.J.; RT "Involvement of domain 3 in oligomerization by the protective antigen RT moiety of anthrax toxin."; RL J. Bacteriol. 183:2111-2116(2001). RN [15] RP MUTAGENESIS OF LYS-426; ASP-454 AND PHE-456. RX MEDLINE=21269403; PubMed=11113126; RA Sellman B.R., Nassi S., Collier R.J.; RT "Point mutations in anthrax protective antigen that block RT translocation."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 276:8371-8376(2001). RN [16] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PRO-213; LEU-216; PHE-231; LEU-232; PRO-234; ILE-236; RP ILE-239; TRP-255 AND PHE-265. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=22112896; PubMed=12117959; RA Chauhan V., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Identification of amino acid residues of anthrax protective antigen RT involved in binding with lethal factor."; RL Infect. Immun. 70:4477-4484(2002). RN [17] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS). RX MEDLINE=97192099; PubMed=9039918; RA Petosa C., Collier R.J., Klimpel K.R., Leppla S.H., Liddington R.C.; RT "Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen."; RL Nature 385:833-838(1997). RN [18] RP REVIEW. RX MEDLINE=21428689; PubMed=11544370; RA Mock M., Fouet A.; RT "Anthrax."; RL Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:647-671(2001). CC -!- FUNCTION: One of the three proteins composing the anthrax toxin, CC the agent which infects many mammalian species and that may cause CC death. PA binds to a receptor (ATR) in sensitive eukaryotic CC cells, thereby facilitating the translocation of the enzymatic CC toxin components, edema factor and lethal factor, across the CC target cell membrane. PA associated with LF causes death when CC injected, PA associated with EF produces edema. PA induces CC immunity to infection with anthrax. CC -!- SUBUNIT: Anthrax toxins are composed of three distinct proteins, a CC protective antigen (PA), a lethal factor (LF) and an edema factor CC (EF). None of these is toxic by itself. PA+LF forms the lethal CC toxin (LeTx); PA+EF forms the edema toxin (EdTx). PA-63 forms CC heptamers and this oligomerization is required for LF or EF CC binding. Once activated, at low pH, the heptamer undergoes CC conformational changes and converts from prepore to pore inserted CC in the membrane, forming cation-selective channels. CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. CC -!- DOMAIN: The molecule is folded into four functional domains. Each CC domain is required for a particular step in the toxicity process. CC Domain 1 contains two calcium ions and the proteolytic activation CC site. Cleavage of the PA monomer releases the subdomain 1a, which CC is the N-terminal fragment of 20-kDa (PA20). The subdomain 1b is CC part of the remaining 63-kDa fragment (PA63) and contains the CC binding sites for LP and EF. Domain 2 is a beta-barrel core CC containing a large flexible loop that has been implicated in CC membrane insertion and pore formation. There is a chymotrypsin CC cleavage site in this loop that is required for toxicity. Domain 3 CC has a hydrophobic patch thought to be involved in protein-protein CC interactions. Domain 4 appears to be a separate domain and shows CC limited contact with the other three domains: it would swing out CC of the way during membrane insertion. It is required for binding CC to the receptor; the small loop is involved in receptor CC recognition. CC -!- PTM: Proteolytic activation by furin or a furin-like protease CC cleaves the protein in two parts, PA-20 and PA-63; the latter is CC the mature protein. The cleavage occurs at the cell surface and CC probably in the serum of infected animals as well; both native and CC cleaved PA are able to bind to the cell receptor. The release of CC PA20 from the remaining receptor-bound PA63 exposes the binding CC site for EF and LF, and promotes oligomerization and CC internalization of the protein. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: In Ref.9 multiple mutagenesis experiments were CC performed that showed that the residues present in the small loop CC of domain 4, and not the ones in the large loop, are involved in CC receptor recognition. CC -!- SIMILARITY: BELONGS TO THE BACTERIAL BINARY TOXIN FAMILY. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; M22589; AAA22637.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306778; AAG24446.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306779; AAG24447.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306780; AAG24448.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306781; AAG24449.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306782; AAG24450.1; -. DR EMBL; AF306783; AAG24451.1; -. DR EMBL; AF268967; AAF86457.1; -. DR EMBL; AF065404; AAD32414.1; -. DR PIR; I39934; I39934. DR PDB; 1ACC; 11-FEB-98. DR InterPro; IPR003896; Anthrax_toxinB. DR Pfam; PF03495; Binary_toxB; 1. DR PRINTS; PR01391; BINARYTOXINB. KW Toxin; Virulence; Calcium-binding; Signal; Plasmid; 3D-structure. FT SIGNAL 1 29 FT CHAIN 30 764 PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN. FT CHAIN 30 196 PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN, PA-20. FT CHAIN 197 764 PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN, PA-63. FT DOMAIN 30 287 DOMAIN 1, CALCIUM-BINDING; LF AND EF FT BINDING SITES. FT DOMAIN 288 516 DOMAIN 2, MEMBRANE INSERTION AND FT HEPTAMERIZATION. FT DOMAIN 517 624 DOMAIN 3, HEPTAMERIZATION. FT DOMAIN 625 764 DOMAIN 4, BINDING TO THE RECEPTOR. FT METAL 206 206 CALCIUM. FT METAL 208 208 CALCIUM. FT METAL 210 210 CALCIUM. FT METAL 217 217 CALCIUM. FT SITE 196 197 CLEAVAGE (BY FURIN). FT SITE 343 344 CLEAVAGE (BY CHYMOTRYPSIN); REQUIRED FOR FT TRANSLOCATION OF LF AND EF. FT VARIANT 560 560 F -> L (IN SVERDLOVSK SAMPLE). FT VARIANT 565 565 P -> S (IN STRAIN BA1024). FT VARIANT 600 600 A -> V (IN STRAINS BA1024 AND V770-NP1- FT R). FT MUTAGEN 213 213 P->A: DECREASE IN THE ABILITY TO BIND TO FT LF AND PARTIALLY TOXIC AT HIGH FT CONCENTRATIONS. FT MUTAGEN 216 216 L->A: DECREASE IN THE ABILITY TO BIND TO FT LF AND PARTIALLY TOXIC AT HIGH FT CONCENTRATIONS. FT MUTAGEN 231 231 F->A: LOSS OF ABILITY TO BIND TO LF AND FT COMPLETELY NONTOXIC. FT MUTAGEN 232 232 L->A: LOSS OF ABILITY TO BIND TO LF AND FT COMPLETELY NONTOXIC. FT MUTAGEN 234 234 P->A: LOSS OF ABILITY TO BIND TO LF AND FT COMPLETELY NONTOXIC. FT MUTAGEN 236 236 I->A: LOSS OF ABILITY TO BIND TO LF AND FT COMPLETELY NONTOXIC. FT MUTAGEN 239 239 I->A: DECREASE IN THE ABILITY TO BIND TO FT LF AND PARTIALLY TOXIC AT HIGH FT CONCENTRATIONS. FT MUTAGEN 255 255 W->A: NO EFFECT ON LF-BINDING ABILITY AND FT AS TOXIC AS THE WILD-TYPE. FT MUTAGEN 265 265 F->A: NO EFFECT ON LF-BINDING ABILITY AND FT AS TOXIC AS THE WILD-TYPE. FT MUTAGEN 289 289 P->A: REDUCED TOXICITY IN COMBINATION FT WITH LETHAL FACTOR; DECREASED MEMBRANE FT INSERTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF THE LETHAL FT FACTOR. FT MUTAGEN 342 342 F->C: LOSS OF TOXICITY PROBABLY DUE TO FT LOSS OF CAPABILITY TO TRANSLOCATE LF. FT MUTAGEN 342 344 FFD->AAA: DECREASE IN TOXICITY PROBABLY FT DUE TO SLOW TRANSLOCATION OF LF. FT MUTAGEN 342 343 MISSING: LOSS OF TOXICITY PROBABLY DUE TO FT LOSS OF CAPABILITY TO TRANSLOCATE LF. FT MUTAGEN 344 344 D->A: DECREASE IN TOXICITY PROBABLY DUE FT TO SLOW TRANSLOCATION OF LF. FT MUTAGEN 375 375 W->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY PROBABLY DUE TO FT FAULTY MEMBRANE INSERTION OR FT TRANSLOCATION OF LF/EF INTO THE CYTOSOL. FT MUTAGEN 379 379 M->A: NO EFFECT. FT MUTAGEN 381 381 L->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY PROBABLY DUE TO FT FAULTY MEMBRANE INSERTION OR FT TRANSLOCATION OF LF/EF INTO THE CYTOSOL. FT MUTAGEN 426 426 K->A: LOSS OF CAPABILITY TO UNDERGO FT CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES THAT LEAD TO PORE FT FORMATION AND TRANSLOCATION. FT MUTAGEN 454 454 D->A: LOSS OF CAPABILITY TO UNDERGO FT CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES THAT LEAD TO PORE FT FORMATION AND TRANSLOCATION. FT MUTAGEN 456 456 F->A: LOSS OF CAPABILITY TO UNDERGO FT CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES THAT LEAD TO PORE FT FORMATION AND TRANSLOCATION. FT MUTAGEN 512 512 Q->A: LOSS OF HEPTAMERIZATION CAPABILITY. FT MUTAGEN 541 541 D->A: LOSS OF HEPTAMERIZATION CAPABILITY. FT MUTAGEN 543 543 L->A: DECREASE IN HEPTAMERIZATION FT CAPABILITY. FT MUTAGEN 581 581 F->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY DUE TO DEFECTIVE FT OLIGOMERIZATION. FT MUTAGEN 583 583 F->A: DECREASE IN TOXICITY DUE TO FT DEFECTIVE OLIGOMERIZATION. FT MUTAGEN 591 591 I->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY DUE TO DEFECTIVE FT OLIGOMERIZATION. FT MUTAGEN 595 595 L->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY DUE TO DEFECTIVE FT OLIGOMERIZATION. FT MUTAGEN 603 603 I->A: LOSS OF TOXICITY DUE TO DEFECTIVE FT OLIGOMERIZATION. FT MUTAGEN 621 621 R->A: NO EFFECT. FT CONFLICT 314 314 Q -> E (in Ref. 1). FT STRAND 49 53 FT TURN 56 57 FT STRAND 61 66 FT STRAND 71 71 FT STRAND 74 74 FT HELIX 76 78 FT TURN 80 81 FT HELIX 84 87 FT STRAND 91 99 FT STRAND 104 110 FT TURN 111 112 FT HELIX 113 115 FT STRAND 116 120 FT TURN 121 122 FT STRAND 123 126 FT STRAND 135 137 FT TURN 139 140 FT STRAND 142 150 FT STRAND 159 159 FT STRAND 162 166 FT STRAND 172 174 FT TURN 177 179 FT STRAND 180 181 FT TURN 207 208 FT HELIX 214 219 FT STRAND 221 225 FT STRAND 230 234 FT HELIX 237 241 FT TURN 242 244 FT STRAND 248 248 FT TURN 252 253 FT TURN 257 258 FT HELIX 264 269 FT TURN 270 270 FT TURN 274 275 FT HELIX 278 281 FT TURN 283 284 FT STRAND 285 285 FT STRAND 291 302 FT STRAND 318 326 FT STRAND 331 331 FT STRAND 350 350 FT STRAND 357 363 FT TURN 383 384 FT STRAND 387 397 FT STRAND 403 403 FT STRAND 410 414 FT TURN 415 417 FT STRAND 418 423 FT TURN 427 428 FT STRAND 434 434 FT TURN 436 437 FT STRAND 438 440 FT TURN 443 444 FT STRAND 448 449 FT TURN 456 457 FT STRAND 461 463 FT HELIX 465 474 FT STRAND 476 481 FT STRAND 487 492 FT TURN 493 496 FT STRAND 497 505 FT HELIX 506 516 FT STRAND 517 522 FT TURN 524 526 FT STRAND 530 535 FT STRAND 537 537 FT STRAND 551 551 FT HELIX 552 560 FT STRAND 563 563 FT TURN 565 566 FT STRAND 570 571 FT TURN 572 573 FT STRAND 574 575 FT HELIX 576 578 FT STRAND 579 583 FT HELIX 585 598 FT TURN 599 599 FT TURN 603 603 FT HELIX 604 609 FT STRAND 611 611 FT STRAND 613 613 FT TURN 614 615 FT STRAND 617 622 FT TURN 623 624 FT STRAND 626 627 FT TURN 629 630 FT STRAND 633 635 FT HELIX 638 643 FT TURN 644 645 FT STRAND 648 651 FT STRAND 655 658 FT HELIX 662 666 FT TURN 667 667 FT STRAND 668 676 FT TURN 678 679 FT STRAND 682 684 FT TURN 685 686 FT TURN 689 690 FT STRAND 695 697 FT TURN 699 700 FT STRAND 703 706 FT TURN 709 713 FT TURN 721 722 FT STRAND 724 731 FT HELIX 732 734 FT TURN 748 749 FT STRAND 753 759 FT HELIX 760 764 SQ SEQUENCE 764 AA; 85810 MW; 3AE1EFBF48FAA03F CRC64; MKKRKVLIPL MALSTILVSS TGNLEVIQAE VKQENRLLNE SESSSQGLLG YYFSDLNFQA PMVVTSSTTG DLSIPSSELE NIPSENQYFQ SAIWSGFIKV KKSDEYTFAT SADNHVTMWV DDQEVINKAS NSNKIRLEKG RLYQIKIQYQ RENPTEKGLD FKLYWTDSQN KKEVISSDNL QLPELKQKSS NSRKKRSTSA GPTVPDRDND GIPDSLEVEG YTVDVKNKRT FLSPWISNIH EKKGLTKYKS SPEKWSTASD PYSDFEKVTG RIDKNVSPEA RHPLVAAYPI VHVDMENIIL SKNEDQSTQN TDSQTRTISK NTSTSRTHTS EVHGNAEVHA SFFDIGGSVS AGFSNSNSST VAIDHSLSLA GERTWAETMG LNTADTARLN ANIRYVNTGT APIYNVLPTT SLVLGKNQTL ATIKAKENQL SQILAPNNYY PSKNLAPIAL NAQDDFSSTP ITMNYNQFLE LEKTKQLRLD TDQVYGNIAT YNFENGRVRV DTGSNWSEVL PQIQETTARI IFNGKDLNLV ERRIAAVNPS DPLETTKPDM TLKEALKIAF GFNEPNGNLQ YQGKDITEFD FNFDQQTSQN IKNQLAELNA TNIYTVLDKI KLNAKMNILI RDKRFHYDRN NIAVGADESV VKEAHREVIN SSTEGLLLNI DKDIRKILSG YIVEIEDTEG LKEVINDRYD MLNISSLRQD GKTFIDFKKY NDKLPLYISN PNYKVNVYAV TKENTIINPS ENGDTSTNGI KKILIFSKKG YEIG //