ID PAG_BACAN Reviewed; 764 AA. AC P13423; Q937W2; Q937W3; Q9F5R7; Q9KH69; Q9RQU2; DT 01-JAN-1990, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 18-OCT-2001, sequence version 2. DT 19-JAN-2010, entry version 102. DE RecName: Full=Protective antigen; DE Short=PA; DE AltName: Full=PA-83; DE Short=PA83; DE AltName: Full=Anthrax toxins translocating protein; DE Contains: DE RecName: Full=Protective antigen PA-20; DE Short=PA20; DE Contains: DE RecName: Full=Protective antigen PA-63; DE Short=PA63; DE Flags: Precursor; GN Name=pagA; Synonyms=pag; GN OrderedLocusNames=pXO1-110, BXA0164, GBAA_pXO1_0164; OS Bacillus anthracis. OG Plasmid pXO1. OC Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; Bacillus; OC Bacillus cereus group. OX NCBI_TaxID=1392; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RX MEDLINE=89172073; PubMed=3148491; DOI=10.1016/0378-1119(88)90439-8; RA Welkos S.L., Lowe J.R., Eden-Mccutchan F., Vodkin M., Leppla S.H., RA Schmidt J.J.; RT "Sequence and analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of RT Bacillus anthracis."; RL Gene 69:287-300(1988). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=28, 33, BA1024, and BA1035; RX MEDLINE=99214082; PubMed=10197996; RA Price L.B., Hugh-Jones M., Jackson P.J., Keim P.; RT "Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus RT anthracis."; RL J. Bacteriol. 181:2358-2362(1999). RN [3] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=V770-NP1-R / ATCC 14185; RX MEDLINE=20359347; PubMed=10899854; RX DOI=10.1128/IAI.68.8.4549-4558.2000; RA Cohen S., Mendelson I., Altboum Z., Kobiler D., Elhanany E., Bino T., RA Leitner M., Inbar I., Rosenberg H., Gozes Y., Barak R., Fisher M., RA Kronman C., Velan B., Shafferman A.; RT "Attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant Bacillus RT anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax."; RL Infect. Immun. 68:4549-4558(2000). RN [4] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=99445483; PubMed=10515943; RA Okinaka R.T., Cloud K., Hampton O., Hoffmaster A.R., Hill K.K., RA Keim P., Koehler T.M., Lamke G., Kumano S., Mahillon J., Manter D., RA Martinez Y., Ricke D., Svensson R., Jackson P.J.; RT "Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis RT plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes."; RL J. Bacteriol. 181:6509-6515(1999). RN [5] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=Ames / isolate Florida / A2012; RX MEDLINE=22061436; PubMed=12004073; DOI=10.1126/science.1071837; RA Read T.D., Salzberg S.L., Pop M., Shumway M.F., Umayam L., Jiang L., RA Holtzapple E., Busch J.D., Smith K.L., Schupp J.M., Solomon D., RA Keim P., Fraser C.M.; RT "Comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in RT Bacillus anthracis."; RL Science 296:2028-2033(2002). RN [6] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=Ames ancestor; RA Ravel J., Rasko D.A., Shumway M.F., Jiang L., Cer R.Z., Federova N.B., RA Wilson M., Stanley S., Decker S., Read T.D., Salzberg S.L., RA Fraser C.M.; RT "Bacillus anthracis comparative genomics."; RL Submitted (MAY-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [7] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 9-751. RC STRAIN=Carbosap, and Ferrara; RX MEDLINE=22063192; PubMed=12067380; RX DOI=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01660.x; RA Adone R., Pasquali P., La Rosa G., Marianelli C., Muscillo M., RA Fasanella A., Francia M., Ciuchini F.; RT "Sequence analysis of the genes encoding for the major virulence RT factors of Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'Carbosap'."; RL J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:117-121(2002). RN [8] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 195-434. RC STRAIN=PAI; RX PubMed=14985634; RA Inoue S., Noguchi A., Tanabayashi K., Yamada A.; RT "Preparation of a positive control DNA for molecular diagnosis of RT Bacillus anthracis."; RL Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57:29-32(2004). RN [9] RP DOMAINS. RX MEDLINE=91332080; PubMed=1651334; RA Singh Y., Klimpel K.R., Quinn C.P., Chaudhary V.K., Leppla S.H.; RT "The carboxyl-terminal end of protective antigen is required for RT receptor binding and anthrax toxin activity."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 266:15493-15497(1991). RN [10] RP CHARACTERIZATION. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=94327640; PubMed=8051159; RA Milne J.C., Furlong D., Hanna P.C., Wall J.S., Collier R.J.; RT "Anthrax protective antigen forms oligomers during intoxication of RT mammalian cells."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 269:20607-20612(1994). RN [11] RP CHARACTERIZATION. RX MEDLINE=21129592; PubMed=11207581; RX DOI=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2000.00052.x; RA Beauregard K.E., Collier R.J., Swanson J.A.; RT "Proteolytic activation of receptor-bound anthrax protective antigen RT on macrophages promotes its internalization."; RL Cell. Microbiol. 2:251-258(2000). RN [12] RP TOXIN REGULATION. RC STRAIN=Weybridge; RX MEDLINE=94131936; PubMed=8300513; RA Koehler T.M., Dai Z., Kaufman-Yarbray M.; RT "Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and RT a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two RT promoters."; RL J. Bacteriol. 176:586-595(1994). RN [13] RP FOLDING BY PSRA. RX MEDLINE=22625622; PubMed=12606539; DOI=10.1074/jbc.M301244200; RA Williams R.C., Rees M.L., Jacobs M.F., Pragai Z., Thwaite J.E., RA Baillie L.W., Emmerson P.T., Harwood C.R.; RT "Production of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen is dependent on RT the extracellular chaperone, PrsA."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 278:18056-18062(2003). RN [14] RP INTERACTION WITH ANTHRAX TOXIN RECEPTOR. RX PubMed=14507921; DOI=10.1074/jbc.M307900200; RA Bradley K.A., Mogridge J., Jonah G., Rainey G.J.A., Batty S., RA Young J.A.T.; RT "Binding of anthrax toxin to its receptor is similar to alpha RT integrin-ligand interactions."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 278:49342-49347(2003). RN [15] RP MUTAGENESIS OF 342-PHE-PHE-343 AND ASP-344. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=95050722; PubMed=7961869; RA Singh Y., Klimpel K.R., Arora N., Sharma M., Leppla S.H.; RT "The chymotrypsin-sensitive site, FFD315, in anthrax toxin protective RT antigen is required for translocation of lethal factor."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 269:29039-29046(1994). RN [16] RP MUTAGENESIS OF DOMAIN 4 LOOPS. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=99185012; PubMed=10085028; RA Varughese M., Teixeira A.V., Liu S., Leppla S.H.; RT "Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the RT protective antigen component of anthrax toxin."; RL Infect. Immun. 67:1860-1865(1999). RN [17] RP MUTAGENESIS OF TRP-375; MET-379 AND LEU-381. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21092804; PubMed=11178978; DOI=10.1006/bbrc.2001.4320; RA Batra S., Gupta P., Chauhan V., Singh A., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Trp 346 and Leu 352 residues in protective antigen are required for RT the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 281:186-192(2001). RN [18] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PHE-581; PHE-583; ILE-591; LEU-595 AND ILE-603. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21438996; PubMed=11554763; DOI=10.1006/bbrc.2001.5613; RA Ahuja N., Kumar P., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Hydrophobic residues Phe552, Phe554, Ile562, Leu566, and Ile574 are RT required for oligomerization of anthrax protective antigen."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287:542-549(2001). RN [19] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PRO-289. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=21255689; PubMed=11356563; RA Khanna H., Chopra A.P., Arora N., Chaudhry A., Singh Y.; RT "Role of residues constituting the 2beta1 strand of domain II in the RT biological activity of anthrax protective antigen."; RL FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 199:27-31(2001). RN [20] RP MUTAGENESIS OF GLN-512; ASP-541; LEU-543 AND ARG-621. RX MEDLINE=21125576; PubMed=11222612; RX DOI=10.1128/JB.183.6.2111-2116.2001; RA Mogridge J., Mourez M., Collier R.J.; RT "Involvement of domain 3 in oligomerization by the protective antigen RT moiety of anthrax toxin."; RL J. Bacteriol. 183:2111-2116(2001). RN [21] RP MUTAGENESIS OF LYS-426; ASP-454 AND PHE-456. RX MEDLINE=21269403; PubMed=11113126; DOI=10.1074/jbc.M008309200; RA Sellman B.R., Nassi S., Collier R.J.; RT "Point mutations in anthrax protective antigen that block RT translocation."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 276:8371-8376(2001). RN [22] RP MUTAGENESIS OF PRO-213; LEU-216; PHE-231; LEU-232; PRO-234; ILE-236; RP ILE-239; TRP-255 AND PHE-265. RC STRAIN=Sterne; RX MEDLINE=22112896; PubMed=12117959; RX DOI=10.1128/IAI.70.8.4477-4484.2002; RA Chauhan V., Bhatnagar R.; RT "Identification of amino acid residues of anthrax protective antigen RT involved in binding with lethal factor."; RL Infect. Immun. 70:4477-4484(2002). RN [23] RP MUTAGENESIS OF ILE-393; THR-409; SER-411; THR-422; LYS-426; ASN-428; RP TYR-440; ASN-451; ASP-454 AND PHE-456. RX PubMed=14623961; DOI=10.1073/pnas.2436299100; RA Mourez M., Yan M., Lacy D.B., Dillon L., Bentsen L., Marpoe A., RA Maurin C., Hotze E., Wigelsworth D., Pimental R.-A., Ballard J.D., RA Collier R.J., Tweten R.K.; RT "Mapping dominant-negative mutations of anthrax protective antigen by RT scanning mutagenesis."; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:13803-13808(2003). RN [24] RP MUTAGENESIS OF ASN-686; LYS-708; LYS-709; TYR-710; ASN-711; ASP-712; RP LYS-713; LEU-714; PRO-715; LEU-716; TYR-717; ILE-718; ASN-720; PRO-721 RP AND ASN-722. RX MEDLINE=22791650; PubMed=12771151; DOI=10.1074/jbc.M301154200; RA Rosovitz M.J., Schuck P., Varughese M., Chopra A.P., Mehra V., RA Singh Y., McGinnis L.M., Leppla S.H.; RT "Alanine-scanning mutations in domain 4 of anthrax toxin protective RT antigen reveal residues important for binding to the cellular receptor RT and to a neutralizing monoclonal antibody."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 278:30936-30944(2003). RN [25] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.1 ANGSTROMS). RX MEDLINE=97192099; PubMed=9039918; DOI=10.1038/385833a0; RA Petosa C., Collier R.J., Klimpel K.R., Leppla S.H., Liddington R.C.; RT "Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen."; RL Nature 385:833-838(1997). RN [26] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.5 ANGSTROMS) OF 30-764 IN COMPLEX WITH RP ANTXR2. RX PubMed=15243628; DOI=10.1038/nature02763; RA Santelli E., Bankston L.A., Leppla S.H., Liddington R.C.; RT "Crystal structure of a complex between anthrax toxin and its host RT cell receptor."; RL Nature 430:905-908(2004). RN [27] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (4.3 ANGSTROMS) OF 203-764 IN COMPLEX WITH RP ANTXR2. RX PubMed=15326297; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0405405101; RA Lacy D.B., Wigelsworth D.J., Melnyk R.A., Harrison S.C., Collier R.J.; RT "Structure of heptameric protective antigen bound to an anthrax toxin RT receptor: a role for receptor in pH-dependent pore formation."; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101:13147-13151(2004). RN [28] RP REVIEW. RX MEDLINE=21428689; PubMed=11544370; DOI=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.647; RA Mock M., Fouet A.; RT "Anthrax."; RL Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:647-671(2001). CC -!- FUNCTION: One of the three proteins composing the anthrax toxin, CC the agent which infects many mammalian species and that may cause CC death. PA binds to a receptor (ATR) in sensitive eukaryotic cells, CC thereby facilitating the translocation of the enzymatic toxin CC components, edema factor and lethal factor, across the target cell CC membrane. PA associated with LF causes death when injected, PA CC associated with EF produces edema. PA induces immunity to CC infection with anthrax. CC -!- SUBUNIT: Anthrax toxins are composed of three distinct proteins, a CC protective antigen (PA), a lethal factor (LF) and an edema factor CC (EF). None of these is toxic by itself. PA+LF forms the lethal CC toxin (LeTx); PA+EF forms the edema toxin (EdTx). PA-63 forms CC heptamers and this oligomerization is required for LF or EF CC binding. This complex is endocytosed by the host. Once activated, CC at low pH, the heptamer undergoes conformational changes and CC converts from prepore to pore inserted in the membrane, forming CC cation-selective channels and triggering the release of LF and EF CC in the host cytoplasm. CC -!- INTERACTION: CC Q9H6X2-2:ANTXR1 (xeno); NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-456868, EBI-905659; CC P58335:ANTXR2 (xeno); NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-456868, EBI-456840; CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space. Note=Secreted CC through the Sec-dependent secretion pathway. Therefore, PA is CC translocated across the membrane in an unfolded state and then it CC is folded into its native configuration on the trans side of the CC membrane, prior to its release to the environment. PA requires the CC extracellular chaperone prsA for efficient folding. CC -!- DOMAIN: The molecule is folded into four functional domains. Each CC domain is required for a particular step in the toxicity process. CC Domain 1 contains two calcium ions and the proteolytic activation CC site. Cleavage of the PA monomer releases the subdomain 1a, which CC is the N-terminal fragment of 20-kDa (PA20). The subdomain 1b is CC part of the remaining 63-kDa fragment (PA63) and contains the CC binding sites for LP and EF. Domain 2 is a beta-barrel core CC containing a large flexible loop that has been implicated in CC membrane insertion and pore formation. There is a chymotrypsin CC cleavage site in this loop that is required for toxicity. Domain 3 CC has a hydrophobic patch thought to be involved in protein-protein CC interactions. Domain 4 appears to be a separate domain and shows CC limited contact with the other three domains: it would swing out CC of the way during membrane insertion. It is required for binding CC to the receptor; the small loop is involved in receptor CC recognition. CC -!- PTM: Proteolytic activation by furin or a furin-like protease CC cleaves the protein in two parts, PA-20 and PA-63; the latter is CC the mature protein. The cleavage occurs at the cell surface and CC probably in the serum of infected animals as well; both native and CC cleaved PA are able to bind to the cell receptor. The release of CC PA20 from the remaining receptor-bound PA63 exposes the binding CC site for EF and LF, and promotes oligomerization and CC internalization of the protein. CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: In PubMed:10085028 multiple mutagenesis experiments CC were performed that showed that the residues present in the small CC loop of domain 4, and not the ones in the large loop, are involved CC in receptor recognition. In PubMed:14623961 high-throughput CC scanning mutagenesis experiments were performed in which all CC residues of PA-63 were mutated into Cys. Dominantly negative (DN) CC mutants were all clustered in domain 2. DN mutants prevent the CC conformational transition of PA-63 from the prepore to the pore CC state. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial binary toxin family. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; M22589; AAA22637.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306778; AAG24446.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306779; AAG24447.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306780; AAG24448.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306781; AAG24449.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306782; AAG24450.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF306783; AAG24451.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF268967; AAF86457.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AF065404; AAD32414.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AE011190; AAM26109.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AE017336; AAT28905.2; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AJ413936; CAC93934.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AJ413937; CAC93935.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AB125961; BAD14937.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR PIR; I39934; I39934. DR RefSeq; NP_052806.1; -. DR RefSeq; NP_652920.1; -. DR RefSeq; YP_016495.2; -. DR PDB; 1ACC; X-ray; 2.10 A; A=30-764. DR PDB; 1T6B; X-ray; 2.50 A; X=30-764. DR PDB; 1TX5; Model; -; C=30-764. DR PDB; 1TZN; X-ray; 4.30 A; A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/O=203-764. DR PDB; 1TZO; X-ray; 3.60 A; A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/O=203-764. DR PDB; 1V36; Model; -; A/B/C/D/E/F/G=197-764. DR PDB; 3ETB; X-ray; 3.80 A; J/K/L/M=621-764. DR PDB; 3INO; X-ray; 1.95 A; A/B=624-764. DR PDBsum; 1ACC; -. DR PDBsum; 1T6B; -. DR PDBsum; 1TX5; -. DR PDBsum; 1TZN; -. DR PDBsum; 1TZO; -. DR PDBsum; 1V36; -. DR PDBsum; 3ETB; -. DR PDBsum; 3INO; -. DR DIP; DIP-29841N; -. DR IntAct; P13423; 5. DR TCDB; 1.C.42.1.1; channel-forming bacillus anthracis protective antigen (BAPA) family. DR GeneID; 1158723; -. DR GeneID; 2820165; -. DR GeneID; 3361714; -. DR GenomeReviews; AE017336_GR; GBAA_pXO1_0164. DR KEGG; bar:GBAA_pXO1_0164; -. DR TIGR; GBAA_pXO1_0164; -. DR HOGENOM; HBG339202; -. DR BioCyc; BANT261594:GBAA_PXO1_0154-MONOMER; -. DR Pathway_Interaction_DB; anthraxpathway; Cellular roles of Anthrax toxin. DR PMAP-CutDB; P13423; -. DR GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell. DR GO; GO:0005509; F:calcium ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0005515; F:protein binding; IPI:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0009405; P:pathogenesis; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR InterPro; IPR003896; Bacterial_exotoxin_B. DR InterPro; IPR011658; PA14. DR Pfam; PF03495; Binary_toxB; 1. DR Pfam; PF07691; PA14; 1. DR PRINTS; PR01391; BINARYTOXINB. DR SMART; SM00758; PA14; 1. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Calcium; Cleavage on pair of basic residues; KW Complete proteome; Metal-binding; Plasmid; Secreted; Signal; Toxin; KW Virulence. FT SIGNAL 1 29 FT CHAIN 30 764 Protective antigen. FT /FTId=PRO_0000021996. FT CHAIN 30 196 Protective antigen PA-20. FT /FTId=PRO_0000021997. FT CHAIN 197 764 Protective antigen PA-63. FT /FTId=PRO_0000021998. FT REGION 30 287 Domain 1, calcium-binding; LF and EF FT binding sites. FT REGION 288 516 Domain 2, membrane insertion and FT heptamerization. FT REGION 517 624 Domain 3, heptamerization. FT REGION 625 764 Domain 4, binding to the receptor. FT METAL 206 206 Calcium. FT METAL 208 208 Calcium. FT METAL 210 210 Calcium. FT METAL 217 217 Calcium. FT SITE 196 197 Cleavage; by furin. FT SITE 343 344 Cleavage; by chymotrypsin; required for FT translocation of LF and EF. FT SITE 712 712 Essential for binding to cell receptor. FT VARIANT 295 295 M -> I (in strain: PAI). FT VARIANT 392 392 N -> D (in strain: PAI). FT VARIANT 560 560 F -> L (in Sverdlovsk sample). FT VARIANT 565 565 P -> S (in strain: BA1024). FT VARIANT 600 600 A -> V (in strain: BA1024, V770-NP1-R, FT Carbosap and Ferrara). FT MUTAGEN 213 213 P->A: Decrease in the ability to bind to FT LF and partially toxic at high FT concentrations. FT MUTAGEN 216 216 L->A: Decrease in the ability to bind to FT LF and partially toxic at high FT concentrations. FT MUTAGEN 231 231 F->A: Loss of ability to bind to LF and FT completely nontoxic. FT MUTAGEN 232 232 L->A: Loss of ability to bind to LF and FT completely nontoxic. FT MUTAGEN 234 234 P->A: Loss of ability to bind to LF and FT completely nontoxic. FT MUTAGEN 236 236 I->A: Loss of ability to bind to LF and FT completely nontoxic. FT MUTAGEN 239 239 I->A: Decrease in the ability to bind to FT LF and partially toxic at high FT concentrations. FT MUTAGEN 255 255 W->A: No effect on LF-binding ability and FT as toxic as the wild-type. FT MUTAGEN 265 265 F->A: No effect on LF-binding ability and FT as toxic as the wild-type. FT MUTAGEN 289 289 P->A: Reduced toxicity in combination FT with lethal factor. Decreased membrane FT insertion and translocation of LF. FT MUTAGEN 342 344 FFD->AAA: Decrease in toxicity probably FT due to slow translocation of LF. FT MUTAGEN 342 343 Missing: Loss of toxicity probably due to FT loss of capability to translocate LF. FT MUTAGEN 342 342 F->C: Loss of toxicity probably due to FT loss of capability to translocate LF. FT MUTAGEN 344 344 D->A: Decrease in toxicity probably due FT to slow translocation of LF. FT MUTAGEN 375 375 W->A: Loss of toxicity probably due to FT faulty membrane insertion or FT translocation of LF/EF into the cytosol. FT MUTAGEN 379 379 M->A: No effect. FT MUTAGEN 381 381 L->A: Loss of toxicity probably due to FT faulty membrane insertion or FT translocation of LF/EF into the cytosol. FT MUTAGEN 393 393 I->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 409 409 T->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 411 411 S->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 422 422 T->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 426 426 K->A,D: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 428 428 N->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 440 440 Y->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 451 451 N->C: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 454 454 D->A,K: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 456 456 F->A: Loss of capability to undergo FT conformational changes that lead to pore FT formation and translocation. FT MUTAGEN 512 512 Q->A: Loss of heptamerization capability. FT MUTAGEN 541 541 D->A: Loss of heptamerization capability. FT MUTAGEN 543 543 L->A: Decrease in heptamerization FT capability. FT MUTAGEN 581 581 F->A: Loss of toxicity due to defective FT oligomerization. FT MUTAGEN 583 583 F->A: Decrease in toxicity due to FT defective oligomerization. FT MUTAGEN 591 591 I->A: Loss of toxicity due to defective FT oligomerization. FT MUTAGEN 595 595 L->A: Loss of toxicity due to defective FT oligomerization. FT MUTAGEN 603 603 I->A: Loss of toxicity due to defective FT oligomerization. FT MUTAGEN 621 621 R->A: No effect. FT MUTAGEN 686 686 N->A: Decrease in toxicity due to FT decrease in cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 708 708 K->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 709 709 K->A: Slight decrease in toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 710 710 Y->A: Great decrease in toxicity due to FT decrease in cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 711 711 N->A: Loss of toxicity due to decrease in FT cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 712 712 D->A: Loss of toxicity due to decrease in FT cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 713 713 K->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 714 714 L->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 715 715 P->A: Great decrease in toxicity due to FT decrease in cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 716 716 L->A: Decrease in toxicity due to FT decrease in cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 717 717 Y->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 718 718 I->A: Decrease in toxicity due to FT decrease in cell binding. FT MUTAGEN 719 719 S->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 720 720 N->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 721 721 P->A: No effect on toxicity. FT MUTAGEN 722 722 N->A: No effect on toxicity. FT CONFLICT 314 314 Q -> E (in Ref. 1; AAA22637). FT STRAND 48 58 FT STRAND 60 71 FT HELIX 76 79 FT HELIX 84 87 FT STRAND 91 102 FT STRAND 104 110 FT HELIX 113 115 FT STRAND 116 120 FT STRAND 123 129 FT STRAND 135 137 FT STRAND 142 150 FT STRAND 156 159 FT STRAND 162 166 FT STRAND 172 174 FT TURN 177 179 FT STRAND 210 212 FT HELIX 214 219 FT STRAND 221 225 FT STRAND 230 234 FT HELIX 237 240 FT TURN 241 244 FT STRAND 259 262 FT HELIX 264 269 FT HELIX 279 281 FT STRAND 291 302 FT STRAND 318 326 FT STRAND 357 363 FT HELIX 375 379 FT STRAND 386 397 FT STRAND 399 401 FT STRAND 410 414 FT TURN 415 417 FT STRAND 418 423 FT STRAND 438 441 FT STRAND 448 451 FT STRAND 461 464 FT HELIX 465 474 FT STRAND 476 481 FT STRAND 487 492 FT TURN 493 496 FT STRAND 497 505 FT HELIX 506 515 FT STRAND 516 522 FT TURN 524 526 FT STRAND 530 535 FT HELIX 552 560 FT HELIX 576 578 FT STRAND 579 583 FT HELIX 585 597 FT HELIX 603 606 FT TURN 607 609 FT STRAND 617 622 FT STRAND 625 627 FT STRAND 633 636 FT HELIX 638 644 FT STRAND 649 652 FT STRAND 655 658 FT HELIX 662 666 FT STRAND 668 676 FT STRAND 682 686 FT STRAND 695 697 FT STRAND 703 706 FT HELIX 707 710 FT TURN 711 713 FT STRAND 724 731 FT HELIX 732 734 FT STRAND 753 759 FT HELIX 760 763 SQ SEQUENCE 764 AA; 85811 MW; 3AE1EFBF48FAA03F CRC64; MKKRKVLIPL MALSTILVSS TGNLEVIQAE VKQENRLLNE SESSSQGLLG YYFSDLNFQA PMVVTSSTTG DLSIPSSELE NIPSENQYFQ SAIWSGFIKV KKSDEYTFAT SADNHVTMWV DDQEVINKAS NSNKIRLEKG RLYQIKIQYQ RENPTEKGLD FKLYWTDSQN KKEVISSDNL QLPELKQKSS NSRKKRSTSA GPTVPDRDND GIPDSLEVEG YTVDVKNKRT FLSPWISNIH EKKGLTKYKS SPEKWSTASD PYSDFEKVTG RIDKNVSPEA RHPLVAAYPI VHVDMENIIL SKNEDQSTQN TDSQTRTISK NTSTSRTHTS EVHGNAEVHA SFFDIGGSVS AGFSNSNSST VAIDHSLSLA GERTWAETMG LNTADTARLN ANIRYVNTGT APIYNVLPTT SLVLGKNQTL ATIKAKENQL SQILAPNNYY PSKNLAPIAL NAQDDFSSTP ITMNYNQFLE LEKTKQLRLD TDQVYGNIAT YNFENGRVRV DTGSNWSEVL PQIQETTARI IFNGKDLNLV ERRIAAVNPS DPLETTKPDM TLKEALKIAF GFNEPNGNLQ YQGKDITEFD FNFDQQTSQN IKNQLAELNA TNIYTVLDKI KLNAKMNILI RDKRFHYDRN NIAVGADESV VKEAHREVIN SSTEGLLLNI DKDIRKILSG YIVEIEDTEG LKEVINDRYD MLNISSLRQD GKTFIDFKKY NDKLPLYISN PNYKVNVYAV TKENTIINPS ENGDTSTNGI KKILIFSKKG YEIG //