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GatCAB allows the formation of correctly charged Asn-tRNA(Asn) or Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the multi-step transamidation of misacylated Asp-tRNA(Asn) or Glu-tRNA(Gln) in organisms which lack either or both of asparaginyl-tRNA or glutaminyl-tRNA synthetases. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated phospho-Asp-tRNA(Asn) or phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln). This subunit specifically recognizes tRNA(Gln) and tRNA(Asn), and mediates the transamidation of misloaded Glu and Asp respectively by catalyzing formation of the activated gamma-phospho-intermediate and its subsequent aminolysis using ammonia produced by the gatA subunit. 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