{"results":[{"entryType":"UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)","primaryAccession":"P31641","secondaryAccessions":["B2RNU7","Q9BRI2","Q9BXB0"],"uniProtkbId":"SC6A6_HUMAN","entryAudit":{"firstPublicDate":"1993-07-01","lastAnnotationUpdateDate":"2026-09-02","lastSequenceUpdateDate":"1996-02-01","entryVersion":205,"sequenceVersion":2},"annotationScore":5.0,"organism":{"scientificName":"Homo sapiens","commonName":"Human","taxonId":9606,"lineage":["Eukaryota","Metazoa","Chordata","Craniata","Vertebrata","Euteleostomi","Mammalia","Eutheria","Euarchontoglires","Primates","Haplorrhini","Catarrhini","Hominidae","Homo"]},"proteinExistence":"1: Evidence at protein level","proteinDescription":{"recommendedName":{"fullName":{"value":"Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter"}},"alternativeNames":[{"fullName":{"value":"Solute carrier family 6 member 6"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"}],"value":"Taurine transporter"},"shortNames":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"}],"value":"TauT"}]}]},"genes":[{"geneName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"31345061"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000312","source":"HGNC","id":"HGNC:11052"}],"value":"SLC6A6"}}],"comments":[{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"O35316"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31345061"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31903486"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108449"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40615403"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40789850"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8382624"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8654117"}],"value":"Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of taurine, a key amino acid (PubMed:31345061, PubMed:31903486, PubMed:39837997, PubMed:40108165, PubMed:40108449, PubMed:40615403, PubMed:40789850, PubMed:41269860, PubMed:41652173, PubMed:8010975, PubMed:8382624, PubMed:8654117). Taurine acts as an anti-aging agent by reducing cellular senescence and combating oxidative stress: levels decline with age and supplementation has been shown to extend lifespan (By similarity). In addition to mediate extracellular taurine uptake, also able to mediate transport of taurine into mitochondria, sustaining mitochondrial translation (PubMed:41652173). Can also mediate transport of beta-alanine, hypotaurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (PubMed:39837997, PubMed:40108165, PubMed:40789850, PubMed:41269860, PubMed:8010975)"}],"commentType":"FUNCTION"},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"taurine(out) + chloride(out) + 2 Na(+)(out) = taurine(in) + chloride(in) + 2 Na(+)(in)","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:71223"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17996"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29101"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:507393"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31345061"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31903486"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108449"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40615403"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40789850"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8382624"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8654117"}]}},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"beta-alanine(out) + chloride(out) + 2 Na(+)(out) = beta-alanine(in) + chloride(in) + 2 Na(+)(in)","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:71247"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17996"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29101"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57966"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"}]}},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"hypotaurine(out) + chloride(out) + 2 Na(+)(out) = hypotaurine(in) + chloride(in) + 2 Na(+)(in)","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:71243"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17996"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29101"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57853"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"O35316"}]}},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"4-aminobutanoate(out) + chloride(out) + 2 Na(+)(out) = 4-aminobutanoate(in) + chloride(in) + 2 Na(+)(in)","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:70687"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17996"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29101"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:59888"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40615403"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40789850"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"}]}},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"P31643"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q9MZ34"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40789850"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8382624"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8654117"}],"value":"Taurine transport activity is stimulated by thyrotropin (PubMed:8382624). Taurine transport activity is inhibited by GABA, hypotaurine and beta-alanine (PubMed:39837997, PubMed:40108165, PubMed:8010975, PubMed:8654117). GABA transport activity is inhibited by taurine and beta-alanine (By similarity). Taurine transport activity is inhibited by L-alanine, guanidinoethane sulfonate (GES), piperidine-4-sulfonic acid, imidazole-4-acetatic acid, 5-aminovaleric acid, nipecotic acid, homotaurine and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PubMed:40789850, PubMed:41269860). Taurine transport activity is stimulated by hypertonic stress (By similarity)"}],"commentType":"ACTIVITY REGULATION"},{"commentType":"BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES","kineticParameters":{"michaelisConstants":[{"constant":5.9,"unit":"uM","substrate":"taurine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"}]},{"constant":2.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"taurine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8654117"}]},{"constant":3.8,"unit":"uM","substrate":"taurine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31903486"}]},{"constant":7.62,"unit":"uM","substrate":"taurine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"}]}]}},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108449"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40601627"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40615403"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40789850"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41269860"}],"value":"May form homodimer (PubMed:40615403). However, homodimerization has not been confirmed by other structures; additional ecidence is therefore required to conform this result (PubMed:39837997, PubMed:40108165, PubMed:40108449, PubMed:40601627, PubMed:40789850, PubMed:41269860)"}],"commentType":"SUBUNIT"},{"commentType":"SUBCELLULAR LOCATION","note":{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"}],"value":"Phosphorylation at Ser-21 and Ser-25 by PKA promotes localization at the plasma while inhibiting mitochondrial localization"}]},"subcellularLocations":[{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31345061"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31903486"}],"value":"Cell membrane","id":"SL-0039"},"topology":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"}],"value":"Multi-pass membrane protein","id":"SL-9909"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"}],"value":"Mitochondrion inner membrane","id":"SL-0168"},"topology":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"39837997"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"40108165"}],"value":"Multi-pass membrane protein","id":"SL-9909"}}]},{"commentType":"ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS","events":["Alternative splicing"],"isoforms":[{"name":{"value":"1"},"isoformIds":["P31641-1"],"isoformSequenceStatus":"Displayed"},{"name":{"value":"2"},"isoformIds":["P31641-2"],"sequenceIds":["VSP_044961"],"isoformSequenceStatus":"Described"}]},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8010975"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"8382624"}],"value":"Expressed abundantly in placenta and skeletal muscle, at intermediate levels in heart, brain, lung, kidney and pancreas and at low levels in liver"}],"commentType":"TISSUE SPECIFICITY"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"}],"value":"Expression is regulated by NFAT5, which regulates the mitochondrial function of SLC6A6"}],"commentType":"INDUCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"}],"value":"The mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) promotes targeting to mitochondria"}],"commentType":"DOMAIN"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q00589"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"41652173"}],"value":"Phosphorylation at Ser-21 and Ser-25 by PKA promotes localization at the plasma while inhibiting mitochondrial localization (PubMed:41652173). Taurine transport activity is down-regulated upon Ser-322 phosphorylation (By similarity)"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"commentType":"DISEASE","disease":{"diseaseId":"Hypotaurinemic retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy","diseaseAccession":"DI-06123","acronym":"HTRDC","description":"An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low plasma taurine, childhood-onset progressive retinal degeneration, and cardiomyopathy.","diseaseCrossReference":{"database":"MIM","id":"145350"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31345061"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31903486"}]},"note":{"texts":[{"value":"The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry"}]}},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A6 subfamily"}],"commentType":"SIMILARITY"}],"features":[{"type":"Chain","location":{"start":{"value":1,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":620,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter","featureId":"PRO_0000214767"},{"type":"Topological 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