{"entryType":"UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)","primaryAccession":"Q9AD92","uniProtkbId":"CHPH_STRCO","entryAudit":{"firstPublicDate":"2018-10-10","lastAnnotationUpdateDate":"2026-09-02","lastSequenceUpdateDate":"2001-06-01","entryVersion":89,"sequenceVersion":1},"annotationScore":5.0,"organism":{"scientificName":"Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145)","taxonId":100226,"lineage":["Bacteria","Bacillati","Actinomycetota","Actinomycetes","Kitasatosporales","Streptomycetaceae","Streptomyces","Streptomyces albidoflavus group"]},"proteinExistence":"1: Evidence at protein level","proteinDescription":{"recommendedName":{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"}],"value":"Chaplin-H"}},"flag":"Precursor"},"genes":[{"geneName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"}],"value":"chpH"},"orderedLocusNames":[{"value":"SCO1675"}]}],"comments":[{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"15228525"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"17462011"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"18586935"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"19682261"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21526199"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"24012833"}],"value":"One of 8 partially redundant surface-active proteins required for efficient formation of aerial mycelium; the short chaplins assemble into a hydrophobic, amyloidal fibrillar surface layer that envelopes and protects aerial hyphae and spores, presumably anchored to the long chaplins (PubMed:12832396, PubMed:12832397, PubMed:15228525, PubMed:17462011). Chaplins have an overlapping function with the surface-active SapB peptide; chaplins are essential on minimal medium while on rich medium both chaplins and SapB are required for efficient aerial hyphae formation (PubMed:17462011). Chaplins are also involved in cell attachment to a hydrophobic surface (PubMed:19682261). Forms amyloid fibrils in vitro probably composed of stacked beta-sheets (PubMed:21526199). A small chaplin extract (ChpD, ChpE, ChpF, ChpG and ChpH) self-assembles into 2 different amyloids; small fibrils at the air-water interface form an amphipathic membrane that resembles spore-surface structures involved in aerial hyphae formation, and hydrophilic fibrils in solution that resemble the fibers that attach cells to a hydrophobic surface. At the air-water interface the hydrophilic surface is in contact with water (probably equivalent to the peptidoglycan layer), while the hydrophobic face is exposed to the air, making the surface of the aerial hyphae hydrophobic (PubMed:24012833). A minimal chaplin strain capable of forming aerial mycelium/hyphae on minimal medium contains ChpC, ChpE and ChpH. The strain also has restored rodlet formation on the hyphae surface (PubMed:18586935). A small chaplin extract applied to a chaplin-deficient strain restores aerial hyphae formation (PubMed:12832396, PubMed:12832397). The small chaplin extract forms an amyloid-like structure similar to that seen on the surface of cells without rodlets (rdlA-rdlB deletions), and is highly surface active, reducing surface tension from 72 to 26 mJ/m(2), which probably allows escape of hyphae from an aqueous environment into air (PubMed:12832396)"}],"commentType":"FUNCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21526199"}],"value":"Homodimer; disulfide linked. About 10% of ChpH isolated from cell wall forms disulfide-bonded homodimers"}],"commentType":"SUBUNIT"},{"commentType":"INTERACTION","interactions":[{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9AD92","intActId":"EBI-15929047"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9AD92","geneName":"chpH","intActId":"EBI-15929047"},"numberOfExperiments":2,"organismDiffer":false}]},{"commentType":"SUBCELLULAR LOCATION","subcellularLocations":[{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"17462011"}],"value":"Cell surface","id":"SL-0310"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21526199"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}],"value":"Secreted, cell wall","id":"SL-0041"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"19682261"}],"value":"Fimbrium","id":"SL-0113"}}]},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"17462011"}],"value":"Present in aerial hyphae of sporulating cultures (at protein level) (PubMed:12832396, PubMed:17462011). Strongest expression in spores, with weaker expression in aerial hyphae (PubMed:12832397)"}],"commentType":"DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"17462011"}],"value":"Highly expressed in 24 hour cultures while still submerged, during aerial hyphae formation on minimal medium, decreases once aerial growth ceases. Strongly expressed in aerial hyphae (at protein level) (PubMed:12832396). During aerial hyphae formation and sporulation on rich medium, under control of ECF sigma factor BldN; more strongly expressed when sporulation is blocked by deletion of whiB, whiD or whiH (PubMed:12832397). Expression depends on bldB but not bldA, bldD or bldH (at protein level) (PubMed:17462011)"}],"commentType":"INDUCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}],"value":"Has 2 domains capable of forming beta amyloid structures, both of which are required for aerial hyphae formation while the N-terminal region is not required for rodlet formation"}],"commentType":"DOMAIN"},{"commentType":"MASS SPECTROMETRY","method":"MALDI","molWeight":5122.0,"molWeightError":0.0,"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"}]},{"commentType":"MASS SPECTROMETRY","method":"MALDI","molWeight":5116.61,"molWeightError":0.0,"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"}]},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"15228525"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"17462011"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"19682261"}],"value":"A single chpH disruption and double chpC-chpH knockout have no visible or sporulation phenotype; a quadruple chpA-chpC-chpD-chpH knockout has delayed aerial hyphae formation and sporulation. A quintuple chpA-chpB-chpC-chpD-chpH knockout has a longer delay in aerial hyphae formation and an almost complete lack of sporulation. The quintuple knockout still expresses ChpE, ChpF and ChpG (PubMed:12832397). Quintuple knockout chpA-chpB-chpC-chpD-chpH has strongly delayed aerial hyphae formation, makes many fewer aerial hyphae but no effect on viability of the spores produced. Further deletion of chpE leads to more severe effects, and on rich media few aerial hyphae are produced after prolonged growth. Those few hyphae do differentiate into spores and have a rodlet layer (PubMed:12832396). Deletion of all 8 chaplin genes on minimal medium leads to severely disrupted aerial hyphae that collapse on the colony surface and are not hydrophobic. A few spore chains can still be made, but they have neither rodlets or amyloid-like fibers. rdlA and rdlB mRNA are down-regulated (PubMed:15228525, PubMed:17462011). Deletion of all 8 chaplin genes on rich medium leads to a reduced abundance of aerial hyphae without rodlets and occasional spore chains on surface hyphae. A complete chaplin-negative plus ram-negative strain (deletion of ramR or the ramC-ramS-ramA-ramB operon) leads to the complete loss of robust aerial hyphae (PubMed:17462011). Deletion of all 8 chaplin genes significantly reduces cellular attachment to a hydrophobic substrate; thin fibrils instead of fimbrae are detected. The long chaplins (ChpA, ChpB and ChpC, as seen by near wild-type attachment of the hextuple chpA-chpB-chpC-chpD-chpE-chpH knockout) are not essential but may contribute to attachment (PubMed:19682261)"}],"commentType":"DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"24413917"}],"value":"The small chaplin mixture (a cell wall extract of an rdlA-rdlB knockout) forms a stable coat on a number of surfaces (including Teflon and cotton) and emulsifies oil-water mixtures, which could be useful in medical and technical applications"}],"commentType":"BIOTECHNOLOGY"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"}],"value":"Belongs to the chaplin family. Short chaplin subfamily"}],"commentType":"SIMILARITY"}],"features":[{"type":"Signal","location":{"start":{"value":1,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":25,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832396"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"}]},{"type":"Chain","location":{"start":{"value":26,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":77,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Chaplin-H","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000255"}],"featureId":"PRO_5004323940"},{"type":"Domain","location":{"start":{"value":36,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":76,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Chaplin","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000255","source":"PROSITE-ProRule","id":"PRU01232"}]},{"type":"Region","location":{"start":{"value":38,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":54,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Forms amyloid fibrils in vitro","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}]},{"type":"Region","location":{"start":{"value":57,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":72,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Forms amyloid fibrils in vitro","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}]},{"type":"Disulfide bond","location":{"start":{"value":56,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":74,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"12832397"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"21526199"}]},{"type":"Mutagenesis","location":{"start":{"value":30,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":51,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Very decreased formation of aerial hyphae, no spore chains formed, no effect on rodlet formation.","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}],"alternativeSequence":{}},{"type":"Mutagenesis","location":{"start":{"value":56,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":56,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"In minimal chaplin strain, forms very sparse aerial hyphae, no rodlets form; when associated with G-74, loss of disulfide bond.","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"18586935"}],"alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"C","alternativeSequences":["V"]}},{"type":"Mutagenesis","location":{"start":{"value":62,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":66,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Severely reduced ability to form amyloid fibers in vitro, very decreased formation of aerial hyphae, very few rodlets, no spore chains formed.","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}],"alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"VIGLL","alternativeSequences":["AAAAA"]}},{"type":"Mutagenesis","location":{"start":{"value":62,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":62,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Significantly reduced ability to form amyloid fibers in vitro, decreased formation of aerial hyphae and rodlets, no change in spore chain formation.","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"21628577"}],"alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"V","alternativeSequences":["A"]}},{"type":"Mutagenesis","location":{"start":{"value":74,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":74,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"In minimal chaplin strain, forms very sparse aerial hyphae, no rodlets form; 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