{"entryType":"UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)","primaryAccession":"Q8IV20","secondaryAccessions":["A2A3Z6","Q8N8X5"],"uniProtkbId":"LACC1_HUMAN","entryAudit":{"firstPublicDate":"2003-06-20","lastAnnotationUpdateDate":"2026-09-02","lastSequenceUpdateDate":"2003-03-01","entryVersion":145,"sequenceVersion":1},"annotationScore":5.0,"organism":{"scientificName":"Homo sapiens","commonName":"Human","taxonId":9606,"lineage":["Eukaryota","Metazoa","Chordata","Craniata","Vertebrata","Euteleostomi","Mammalia","Eutheria","Euarchontoglires","Primates","Haplorrhini","Catarrhini","Hominidae","Homo"]},"proteinExistence":"1: Evidence at protein level","proteinDescription":{"recommendedName":{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Purine nucleoside phosphorylase LACC1"},"ecNumbers":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}],"value":"2.4.2.1"}]},"alternativeNames":[{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Adenosine deaminase LACC1"},"ecNumbers":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}],"value":"3.5.4.4"}]},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"27478939"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}],"value":"Fatty acid metabolism-immunity nexus"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Guanosine phosphorylase LACC1"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}],"value":"Isocyanic acid synthase"},"ecNumbers":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}],"value":"4.3.3.-"}]},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Laccase domain-containing protein 1"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase LACC1"},"ecNumbers":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}],"value":"2.4.2.28"}]}]},"genes":[{"geneName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"25220867"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000312","source":"HGNC","id":"HGNC:26789"}],"value":"LACC1"},"synonyms":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000312","source":"HGNC","id":"HGNC:26789"}],"value":"C13orf31"},{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"27478939"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}],"value":"FAMIN"}]}],"comments":[{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27959965"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}],"value":"Purine nucleoside enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of adenosine, guanosine and inosine nucleosides, yielding D-ribose 1-phosphate and the respective free bases, adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine (PubMed:31978345). Also catalyzes the phosphorolysis of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine into adenine and S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate (PubMed:31978345). Also has adenosine deaminase activity (PubMed:31978345). Acts as a regulator of innate immunity in macrophages by modulating the purine nucleotide metabolism, thereby regulating the metabolic function and bioenergetic state of macrophages (PubMed:31978345). Enables a purine nucleotide cycle between adenosine and inosine monophosphate and adenylosuccinate that prevents cytoplasmic acidification and balances the cytoplasmic-mitochondrial redox interface (PubMed:31978345). The purine nucleotide cycle consumes aspartate and releases fumarate in a manner involving fatty acid oxidation and ATP-citrate lyase activity (PubMed:31978345). Participates in pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines in macrophages: associates with the NOD2-signaling complex and promotes optimal NOD2-induced signaling, cytokine secretion and bacterial clearance (PubMed:28593945, PubMed:31875558). Localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum upon PRR stimulation of macrophages and associates with endoplasmic reticulum-stress sensors, promoting the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) (PubMed:31875558). Component of L-arginine metabolism in activated macrophages supporting anti-inflammatory and antibacterial macrophage effector functions. Cleaves L-citrulline, a product of L-arginine metabolized via NOS2, to yield isocyanate, a reactive carbonyl species-like cytotoxin, and L-ornithine, a precursor in polyamine biosynthesis. Through L-ornithine controls cellular polyamine pools likely triggering polyamine-mediated proinflammatory cytokine suppression and autophagy stimulation (PubMed:35978195). Directly interacts with components of autophagy machinery to regulate macrophage metabolism and bacterial phagocytosis. Acts downstream of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to promote autophagy associated to lipid droplets generation providing fatty acids for mitochondrial respiration (PubMed:33606008). Does not show laccase activity (PubMed:27959965, PubMed:31978345)"}],"commentType":"FUNCTION"},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"adenosine + phosphate = alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + adenine","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:27642"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16335"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16708"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:43474"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57720"}],"ecNumber":"2.4.2.1","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:27643"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}]},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"inosine + phosphate = alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + hypoxanthine","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:27646"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17368"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17596"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:43474"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57720"}],"ecNumber":"2.4.2.1","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:27647"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}]},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"guanosine + phosphate = alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + guanine","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:13233"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16235"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16750"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:43474"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57720"}],"ecNumber":"2.4.2.1","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:13234"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}]},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + phosphate = 5-(methylsulfanyl)-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate + adenine","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:11852"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16708"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17509"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:43474"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:58533"}],"ecNumber":"2.4.2.28","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:11853"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}]},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"adenosine + H2O + H(+) = inosine + NH4(+)","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:24408"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:15377"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:15378"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:16335"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:17596"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:28938"}],"ecNumber":"3.5.4.4","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:24409"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}]},{"commentType":"CATALYTIC ACTIVITY","reaction":{"name":"L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine","reactionCrossReferences":[{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:83407"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:15378"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29202"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:46911"},{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:57743"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}]},"physiologicalReactions":[{"directionType":"left-to-right","reactionCrossReference":{"database":"Rhea","id":"RHEA:83408"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}]}]},{"commentType":"COFACTOR","cofactors":[{"name":"Zn(2+)","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q8BZT9"}],"cofactorCrossReference":{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29105"}}],"note":{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q8BZT9"}],"value":"Binds 1 Zn(2+) ion per subunit."}]}},{"commentType":"BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES","kineticParameters":{"maximumVelocities":[{"velocity":4409.0,"unit":"pmol/min/mg","enzyme":"enzyme with adenosine as substrate (for adenosine phosphorylase activity)","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"velocity":541.0,"unit":"pmol/min/mg","enzyme":"enzyme with adenosine as substrate (for adenosine deaminase activity)","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"velocity":4187.0,"unit":"pmol/min/mg","enzyme":"enzyme with inosine as substrate","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"velocity":2639.0,"unit":"pmol/min/mg","enzyme":"enzyme with S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine as substrate","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]}],"michaelisConstants":[{"constant":36.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"adenosine (for adenosine phosphorylase activity)","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"constant":11.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"adenosine (for adenosine deaminase activity)","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"constant":41.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"inosine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"constant":1.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"}]},{"constant":163.0,"unit":"uM","substrate":"L-citrulline","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}]}]}},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27478939"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"}],"value":"Interacts with FASN (PubMed:27478939). Interacts with SDHA (PubMed:28593945). Interacts with ATF6, EIF2AK3 and ERN1 (PubMed:31875558). Interacts with autophagy regulators PRKAA1 and RACK1"}],"commentType":"SUBUNIT"},{"commentType":"INTERACTION","interactions":[{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q8IV20","intActId":"EBI-12508070"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P49327","geneName":"FASN","intActId":"EBI-356658"},"numberOfExperiments":8,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q8IV20","intActId":"EBI-12508070"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"O43929","geneName":"ORC4","intActId":"EBI-374889"},"numberOfExperiments":2,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q8IV20","intActId":"EBI-12508070"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9NX31","geneName":"OSER1","intActId":"EBI-2872222"},"numberOfExperiments":4,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q8IV20","intActId":"EBI-12508070"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q40772","geneName":"PAP2","intActId":"EBI-52361274"},"numberOfExperiments":4,"organismDiffer":true}]},{"commentType":"SUBCELLULAR LOCATION","note":{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"}],"value":"Upon stimulation of the pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) NOD2, localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum"}]},"subcellularLocations":[{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q8BZT9"}],"value":"Cytoplasm","id":"SL-0086"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q8BZT9"}],"value":"Nucleus","id":"SL-0191"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"}],"value":"Endoplasmic reticulum","id":"SL-0095"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27478939"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27959965"}],"value":"Peroxisome","id":"SL-0204"}}]},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27959965"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"}],"value":"Ubiquitously expressed, with higher expression levels in immune-related tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen (PubMed:27959965). Expressed in both intestinal and peripheral myeloid-derived cells (PubMed:28593945)"}],"commentType":"TISSUE SPECIFICITY"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27959965"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"}],"value":"Up-regulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (PubMed:27959965). Down-regulated by PPAR ligands (PubMed:27959965). Up-regulated upon pattern recognition receptor (PRR) stimulation (PubMed:28593945). Up-regulated upon CSF1- and CSF2-induced differentiation of macrophages"}],"commentType":"INDUCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"}],"value":"Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"commentType":"DISEASE","disease":{"diseaseId":"Juvenile arthritis","diseaseAccession":"DI-05771","acronym":"JUVAR","description":"A rare, familial form of juvenile arthritis characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance and onset in early childhood of symmetric, chronic joint inflammation. It causes joint swelling, pain, stiffness and restricted joint movement. JUVAR has high clinical variability. Some patients exhibit systemic symptoms, including quotidian fever, erythematous rash, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and/or splenomegaly. Others display polyarthritis without systemic inflammation.","diseaseCrossReference":{"database":"MIM","id":"618795"},"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"25220867"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27881174"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"29717096"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"30872671"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31811059"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}]},"note":{"texts":[{"value":"The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry"}]}},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Belongs to the PgeF/LACC1 family"}],"commentType":"SIMILARITY"}],"features":[{"type":"Chain","location":{"start":{"value":1,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":430,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Purine nucleoside phosphorylase LACC1","featureId":"PRO_0000163187"},{"type":"Binding site","location":{"start":{"value":250,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":250,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"","featureCrossReferences":[{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29105"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"P84138"}],"ligand":{"name":"Zn(2+)","id":"ChEBI:CHEBI:29105","note":"catalytic"}},{"type":"Binding site","location":{"start":{"value":284,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":284,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"","featureCrossReferences":[{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29105"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"P84138"}],"ligand":{"name":"Zn(2+)","id":"ChEBI:CHEBI:29105","note":"catalytic"}},{"type":"Binding site","location":{"start":{"value":301,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":301,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"","featureCrossReferences":[{"database":"ChEBI","id":"CHEBI:29105"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"P84138"}],"ligand":{"name":"Zn(2+)","id":"ChEBI:CHEBI:29105","note":"catalytic"}},{"type":"Modified residue","location":{"start":{"value":247,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":247,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"N6-acetyllysine","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"}]},{"type":"Natural variant","location":{"start":{"value":38,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":38,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"increased affinity and catalytic efficiency toward L-citrulline; dbSNP:rs34414396","featureCrossReferences":[{"database":"dbSNP","id":"rs34414396"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}],"featureId":"VAR_090714","alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"K","alternativeSequences":["E"]}},{"type":"Natural variant","location":{"start":{"value":195,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":195,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"in JUVAR; loss of protein expression","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"}],"featureId":"VAR_090715","alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"T","alternativeSequences":["I"]}},{"type":"Natural variant","location":{"start":{"value":254,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":254,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"may influence susceptibility to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; increased adenosine deaminase activity and decreased adenosine phosphorylase activity; reduced ability to promote pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines; reduced NOD2-induced signaling; does not change interaction with FASN; reduced affinity and catalytic efficiency toward L-citrulline; no effect on protein expression; dbSNP:rs3764147","featureCrossReferences":[{"database":"dbSNP","id":"rs3764147"}],"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"14702039"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"27478939"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"28593945"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"29717096"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31875558"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31978345"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"33606008"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35978195"}],"featureId":"VAR_052943","alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"I","alternativeSequences":["V"]}},{"type":"Natural variant","location":{"start":{"value":278,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":278,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"in JUVAR; uncertain significance","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"31811059"}],"featureId":"VAR_083278","alternativeSequence":{"originalSequence":"A","alternativeSequences":["P"]}},{"type":"Natural variant","location":{"start":{"value":284,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":284,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"in JUVAR; 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