{"entryType":"UniProtKB reviewed (Swiss-Prot)","primaryAccession":"P93002","secondaryAccessions":["O04742"],"uniProtkbId":"NPR1_ARATH","entryAudit":{"firstPublicDate":"2002-03-05","lastAnnotationUpdateDate":"2026-09-02","lastSequenceUpdateDate":"1997-05-01","entryVersion":192,"sequenceVersion":1},"annotationScore":5.0,"organism":{"scientificName":"Arabidopsis thaliana","commonName":"Mouse-ear cress","taxonId":3702,"lineage":["Eukaryota","Viridiplantae","Streptophyta","Embryophyta","Tracheophyta","Spermatophyta","Magnoliopsida","eudicotyledons","Gunneridae","Pentapetalae","rosids","malvids","Brassicales","Brassicaceae","Camelineae","Arabidopsis"]},"proteinExistence":"1: Evidence at protein level","proteinDescription":{"recommendedName":{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9019406"}],"value":"Regulatory protein NPR1"}},"alternativeNames":[{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9019406"}],"value":"BTB/POZ domain-containing protein NPR1"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9090885"}],"value":"Non-inducible immunity protein 1"},"shortNames":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9090885"}],"value":"Nim1"}]},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9019406"}],"value":"Nonexpresser of PR genes 1"}},{"fullName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9002272"}],"value":"Salicylic acid insensitive 1"},"shortNames":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9002272"}],"value":"Sai1"}]}]},"genes":[{"geneName":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9019406"}],"value":"NPR1"},"synonyms":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9090885"}],"value":"NIM1"},{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000303","source":"PubMed","id":"9002272"}],"value":"SAI1"}],"orderedLocusNames":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000312","source":"Araport","id":"AT1G64280"}],"value":"At1g64280"}],"orfNames":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000312","source":"EMBL","id":"AAG51705.1"}],"value":"F15H21.6"}]}],"comments":[{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"O22286"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"Q5ICL9"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"11607555"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12615947"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12837250"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12897257"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12953119"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"22699612"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"32788727"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35545668"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"9002272"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"9019406"}],"value":"Salicylic acid (SA)-binding substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Transcription cofactor that represses gene expression in the absence of salicylic acid (SA), when attached to negative cis-elements (W-box) with WRKY transcription factors (e.g. WRKY70), but stimulates gene expression upon activation by SA, when sumoylated and attached to positive cis-elements (as-1) with TGA transcription factors (e.g. TGA3), thus conferring immunity through a series of gene regulations ending in a significant increase in antimicrobial and defense genes expression (e.g. PR-1 and PR-2) (PubMed:26269953, PubMed:35545668). Binds to SA with low capacity; this leads to conformational changes (PubMed:32788727, PubMed:35545668). Key positive regulator of the SA-dependent signaling pathway that negatively regulates jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent signaling pathway. Controls the onset of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon SAR induction, a biphasic change in cellular reduction potential occurs, resulting in reduction of the cytoplasmic oligomeric form to dimeric and monomeric forms, which accumulate in the nucleus and activate gene expression (PubMed:35545668). Appears to control lesion expansion by acting as an inhibitor of programmed cell death (PCD) during effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that occurs in response to incompatible interaction with avirulent pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Pseudomonas syringae ES4326/avrRpt2) ending in a hypersensitive response (HR) (PubMed:22699612). Phosphorylated form is target of proteasome degradation"}],"commentType":"FUNCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000250","source":"UniProtKB","id":"O22286"}],"value":"Protein modification; protein ubiquitination"}],"commentType":"PATHWAY"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"10659709"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"10662863"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"11442055"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12837250"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12953119"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"22699612"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"32788727"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"35545668"}],"value":"Homodimer (PubMed:35545668). Oligomer of dimers in an uninduced quiescent state; disulfide-linked (PubMed:35545668). Forms activated (i.e. sumoylated) homodimers and monomers upon systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induction (PubMed:12837250, PubMed:35545668). Interacts with TGA1, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5, TGA6, TGA7 and with reduced forms of TGA1 and TGA4 (PubMed:10659709, PubMed:10662863, PubMed:12953119, PubMed:26269953). Activated homodimer binds two TGA3 dimers in the presence of DNA via its ANK 2 repeat (265-295), thus forming a TGA3(2)-NPR1(2)-TGA3(2) complex in which NPR1 serves as a transcription cofactor by bridging two transcription factor complexes in an enhanceosome (PubMed:26269953, PubMed:35545668). Interacts with NIMIN-1 and NIMIN-3 via its C-terminal region, and with NIMIN-2 via its N-terminal region (PubMed:11442055, PubMed:26269953). Interacts with SUMO3 but not with SUMO1 and SUMO2; this interaction is required for phosphorylation at Ser-11 and Ser-15, and triggers activation by sumoylation and subsequent degradation (PubMed:26269953). Binds to NPR3 and NPR4; these interactions are promoted by association of salicylic acid (SA) with NPR3, but disrupted by SA association with NPR4, probably due to conformational changes (PubMed:22699612, PubMed:26269953, PubMed:32788727). Binds to CUL3A, a core component of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL); this interaction requires NPR3 and NPR4 (PubMed:22699612, PubMed:35545668). Interacts with NPR2 independently of SA (PubMed:22699612). Binds to WRKY70 when unmodified (i.e. not sumoylated) (PubMed:26269953)"}],"commentType":"SUBUNIT"},{"commentType":"INTERACTION","interactions":[{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9ZVH4","geneName":"CUL3A","intActId":"EBI-531362"},"numberOfExperiments":3,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9FMI5","geneName":"MHJ24.13","intActId":"EBI-25518065"},"numberOfExperiments":3,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9FNZ5","geneName":"NIMIN-1","intActId":"EBI-541099"},"numberOfExperiments":4,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9LUA3","geneName":"NIMIN-2","intActId":"EBI-541107"},"numberOfExperiments":5,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9FNZ4","geneName":"NIMIN-3","intActId":"EBI-541115"},"numberOfExperiments":5,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q9SZI3","geneName":"NPR2","intActId":"EBI-15987489"},"numberOfExperiments":2,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q8L746","geneName":"NPR3","intActId":"EBI-4441365"},"numberOfExperiments":2,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q5ICL9","geneName":"NPR4","intActId":"EBI-1392093"},"numberOfExperiments":3,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q93ZX1","geneName":"RFC4","intActId":"EBI-4470690"},"numberOfExperiments":3,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q39237","geneName":"TGA1","intActId":"EBI-541351"},"numberOfExperiments":7,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P43273","geneName":"TGA2","intActId":"EBI-541307"},"numberOfExperiments":12,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q39234","geneName":"TGA3","intActId":"EBI-541366"},"numberOfExperiments":9,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q39163","geneName":"TGA5","intActId":"EBI-541381"},"numberOfExperiments":8,"organismDiffer":false},{"interactantOne":{"uniProtKBAccession":"P93002","intActId":"EBI-1392127"},"interactantTwo":{"uniProtKBAccession":"Q39140","geneName":"TGA6","intActId":"EBI-541321"},"numberOfExperiments":5,"organismDiffer":false}]},{"commentType":"SUBCELLULAR LOCATION","note":{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"10662863"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"11148282"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12837250"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Accumulation in nucleus after induction by salicylic acid (SA) treatment or after pathogen infection (PubMed:10662863, PubMed:11148282, PubMed:12837250). Accumulates in nuclear bodies when sumoylated (PubMed:26269953)"}]},"subcellularLocations":[{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"10662863"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"11148282"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12837250"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Cytoplasm","id":"SL-0086"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"10662863"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"11148282"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"12837250"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Nucleus","id":"SL-0191"}},{"location":{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Nucleus, nuclear body","id":"SL-0494"}}]},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"22699612"}],"value":"By salicylic acid (SA), benzol(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). During the hypersensitive response (HR) following infection with the avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strain ES4326/avrRpt2, programmed cell death (PCD) subsequent to effector-triggered immunity (ETI) results in NPR1 degradation at the site of infection, but is accompanied by NPR1 accumulation in cells surrounding the HR lesion (PubMed:22699612)"}],"commentType":"INDUCTION"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"15749712"}],"value":"The BTB/POZ domain mediates the interaction with some component of ubiquitin ligase complexes"}],"commentType":"DOMAIN"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Phosphorylation at Ser-55 and Ser-59 prevents sumoylation to ensure stability and quiescence"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"19490895"},{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Phosphorylated at Ser-11 and Ser-15 in the nucleus; facilitates its recruitment to a cullin3-based ubiquitin ligase leading to polyubiquitination and subsequent CUL3/CSN-mediated degradation (PubMed:19490895). This phosphorylation at Ser-11 and Ser-15 requires interaction with SUMO3, and promotes in turn activation by sumoylation and subsequent degradation (PubMed:26269953)"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"19490895"}],"value":"Ubiquitinated"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"26269953"}],"value":"Sumoylated by SUMO3 independently of an E3 ligase to activate defense gene expression by switching from association with WRKY transcriptional repressors (e.g. WRKY70) to TGA transcriptional activators (e.g. TGA3) (PubMed:26269953). Sumoylation is inhibited by phosphorylation at Ser-55 and Ser-59, but seems to promote phosphorylation at Ser-11 and Ser-15 (PubMed:26269953). Sumoylation also triggers degradation, making immune induction transient (PubMed:26269953)"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"value":"The Cys-82-SH group reacts with Cys-216-SH of the other subunit to form an intermolecular disulfide. This disulfide might subsequently be reduced upon systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induction"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000269","source":"PubMed","id":"18635760"}],"value":"S-nitrosylation at Cys-156 facilitates its oligomerization"}],"commentType":"PTM"},{"texts":[{"evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000305"}],"value":"Belongs to the plant 'ANKYRIN-BTB/POZ' family. 'NPR1-like' subfamily"}],"commentType":"SIMILARITY"}],"features":[{"type":"Chain","location":{"start":{"value":1,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":593,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"Regulatory protein NPR1","featureId":"PRO_0000067063"},{"type":"Domain","location":{"start":{"value":65,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":144,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"BTB","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000255","source":"PROSITE-ProRule","id":"PRU00037"}]},{"type":"Repeat","location":{"start":{"value":229,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":258,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"ANK 1","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000255"}]},{"type":"Repeat","location":{"start":{"value":265,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":295,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"ANK 2","evidences":[{"evidenceCode":"ECO:0000255"}]},{"type":"Repeat","location":{"start":{"value":297,"modifier":"EXACT"},"end":{"value":324,"modifier":"EXACT"}},"description":"ANK 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