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Three surface-exposed loops forming activating region 1 (AR1) in the downstream subunit of the dimer contact the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit (alphaCTD) of RNA polymerase for activation of class I promoters (the 161-121 loop is the major AR1 activating determinant). At class II promoters, the AR1 of the upstream subunit contacts alphaCTD, promoting open complex formation; activating region 3 (AR3) of the downstream subunit contacts region 4 of the sigma70 subunit of RNA polymerase, to effect direct activation. 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