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There are multiple, striking integration hotspots that are conserved across the genomes, corresponding to regions of abundant and parallel insertions and deletions of genetic material.\n\nAs of 2006, highly accurate sequences are available for K-12 / MG1655 and K-12 / W3110, strains that have been separate since the mid 1950s. Sequencing of PCR products indicates that there are only eight true insertion/deletion or base differences between the two strains, in addition to 13 sites where differences are due to insertion sequences, defective prophages and two sites due to the W3110 inversion between the ribosomal RNA genes rrnD and rrnE. The K-12 strains belong to phylogenetic group A.\n\nHistorically UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot considered the F plasmid to be part of the genetic makeup of strain K-12 / MG1655, whereas in fact the F plasmid was lost in a precursor strain following UV treatment and passage over blood agar. Thus we have removed the F plasmid from this genome. It can however be retrieved by searching in UniProtKB with the accession number AP001918.","taxonomy":{"scientificName":"Escherichia coli (strain K12)","taxonId":83333,"mnemonic":"ECOLI"},"modified":"2026-04-22","proteomeType":"Reference proteome","strain":"K12 / MG1655 / ATCC 47076","components":[{"name":"Chromosome","description":"Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, complete genome.","proteinCount":4403,"genomeAnnotation":{"source":"ENA/EMBL"},"proteomeCrossReferences":[{"database":"GenomeAccession","id":"U00096"},{"database":"Biosample","id":"SAMN02604091"}]}],"citations":[{"id":"9278503","citationType":"journal article","authors":["Blattner F.R.","Plunkett G. 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It is commonly known as baker's, brewer's or budding yeast. It is used in the production of a number of human foodstuffs, including alcoholic beverages and in the baking industry, and is widely used as a model species in the study of eukaryotic biology. In 1996, the genome of S. cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic genome to be completely deciphered.\n\nThe S. cerevisiae genome is about 12.2 Mb with 6,275 genes, compactly organized on 16 chromosomes. Only about 5,800 of these genes are believed to be functional. The genome assembly and the gene model annotation were provided by the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) in 2011.","taxonomy":{"scientificName":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)","commonName":"Baker's yeast","taxonId":559292,"mnemonic":"YEAST"},"modified":"2026-03-26","proteomeType":"Reference proteome","strain":"ATCC 204508 / S288c","components":[{"name":"Chromosome I","description":"TPA_inf: Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C chromosome I, complete sequence.","proteinCount":94,"genomeAnnotation":{"source":"ENA/EMBL"},"proteomeCrossReferences":[{"database":"GenomeAccession","id":"BK006935"}]},{"name":"Chromosome II","description":"TPA_inf: Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C chromosome II, complete sequence.","proteinCount":418,"genomeAnnotation":{"source":"ENA/EMBL"},"proteomeCrossReferences":[{"database":"GenomeAccession","id":"BK006936"}]},{"name":"Chromosome III","description":"TPA_inf: Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C chromosome III, complete 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